村庄的大转型

中国的村庄是有实质性意义的农村社会单位;因此,村庄的30年转型集中呈现了中国农村社会变迁的过程、特征与问题。本文把中国农村30年的变迁放在村庄与市场、与国家、与城市社会三大关系转变中加以考察,认为村庄正在经历从农业共同体到城乡社区衔接带之弱质自治社区的大转型;其主要涵义是指:(1)经济共同体转型——基于农业和农民半市场化、半受非市场化保护的政策环境,以及双层经营而农户经营实际上更受政策支持的经营环境,村庄从人民公社体制下的集体大队,转向具有不确定性的社区经济共同体。(2)治理共同体转型——基于村民自治的制度安排和地方性实践突破,村庄从国家的基层治理单位,转向国家与社会共同治理的单位,乡土性公共领域得到初步生长。(3)村庄作为农民社区的转型——从传统农业社区开始转向城乡社区衔接带的弱质端。而中国村庄是否有前途,既取决于国家、市场、城市对农村的态度,也取决于农村和农民对国家、市场、城市的态度。

The Great Transformation of Villages

Village remains to be virtual social-units in the countryside of China,whose transformation in the past three decades provides insights on the process,nature and problem of rural society wholly.This article examines the transformation of Chinese countryside of the past 30 years in the context of the triple relationships between village and market,state as well as urban society.It suggests that village has experienced great transformation from agricultural community to feebly autonomous community of intersection between rural and urban areas.The major sense of the theme is as the following:(1)The transformation of economic community:in the policy context of semi-marketing of agriculture and peasantry and semi-protection of them by non-marketing factors,as well as economic situation of responsibility system and de facto more protection of peasant's household economic activities,village transforms from the collective brigade under communal system to indefinite economic community.(2)The transformation of governing community:on the basis of institutional arrangement of villagers' autonomy and local innovation,village transforms from the state's local governing unit to one shared by state and society,with the initial growth of rural public field.(3)The transformation of villages as peasantry community:village began to transform from traditional agricultural community to the weak extreme of intersection between rural and urban areas.The process shows that the prospect of Chinese village relies not merely on the attitudes of the state,market and city on the countryside,but on the attitudes of the countryside and peasantry on the state,market and city.