传统国家乡村治理的历史脉络与运作逻辑

传统国家对于乡村社会的有效治理是维护社会秩序稳定，促进政府合法统治的重要基础。传统国家乡村治理以乡里制度为载体，历经夏商周到魏晋南北朝的乡官制时期、隋唐的轮差制转折时期以及两宋到清朝的职役制时期。中央政府、地方政府、士绅精英和普通村民作为乡村治理的四大主体,并非静态的命令服从关系，而是上下互动博弈与合作配合的关系，其中，士绅精英在乡村治理中扮演着核心角色。土地制度、户籍制度、科举制度、宗族制度和乡规民约共同编织成制度网络，贯穿于传统乡村社会治理过程始终。

The History and Logic of Traditional Country Rural Governance

The effective governance of the rural society is the important foundation to maintain stable social order and promote the government legal rule. Traditional country rural governance chose village system as its carrier. It transferred three periods, including the period of ancient Chinese official system in town from the Xia Shang Zhou period to the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the transitional period of governance in rotation in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the process of duty service system from the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. The central government, local government, country gentlemen and elites and ordinary villagers as the four main counterparts are not in a static command obedience relationship, but the interaction between game and cooperative relationship, among them, the country elites plays a central role in the rural governance. Land system, together with household registration system, the imperial examination system, patriarchal clan system, and village rules tied the network of institution, and throughout the whole process of traditional rural social management.