生存型创业与机会型创业的政策比较研究

生存型创业和机会型创业在内涵、特征和基本功能等方面有一定差异。前者在解决就业、营造创业氛围等方面起着重要作用，后者在促进经济增长、提升产业竞争力、增加税收等方面的优势更为明显。不同类型创业的关键因素都是创业者、机会、资源和环境等。创业政策正是通过对这些要素的分配、组合和优化，促进创业活动的顺利开展，以提升国家或地区的整体创业水平。在我国，机会型创业是发展创业型经济的主导力量，但生存型创业也起着重要作用。生存型创业政策的功能主要是改变就业观念、激发创业动机、降低创业风险、营造公平的市场环境并适当给予帮助和扶持，侧重于鼓励、扶持和帮助等功能。机会型创业政策主要从创业机会、创业资源、企业成长能力以及风险补偿体系等方面入手，主要体现对创业活动的完善、提升、服务和保障等功能。我国创业政策需考虑两种创业并存的现实，充分发挥二者的优势。

Comparative Study on Necessity-push Entrepreneurship and Opportunity Entrepreneurship Policy

There are some differences in connotation and characteristics between necessity-push entrepreneurship and opportunity entrepreneurship. Necessity-push entrepreneurship plays an important role in creating jobs and entrepreneurial climate. Opportunity entrepreneurship has advantages that are more obvious in promoting economic growth, enhancing industrial competitiveness and increasing tax revenue etc. However, the key factors that affect entrepreneurial process are entrepreneurs, opportunities, resources and environment etc. The basic goal of entrepreneurship policy is to promote the entrepreneurial activities by allocating, combine and optimize aforementioned factors, finally enhance the entrepreneurial climate in a certain country or region. In China, opportunity entrepreneurship plays a leading role in developing entrepreneurial economy, and necessity-push entrepreneurship is also very important to some extent. Main functions of the necessity-push entrepreneurship policy are to convert the concept of employment, stimulate the entrepreneurial motivation, reduce business risk and create a fair market environment and sometimes give help and support appropriately. The necessity-push entrepreneurship policy should focus on the function of encouraging, supporting and helping, etc. Opportunity entrepreneurship policy emphasizes on entrepreneurial opportunity, entrepreneurial resources, the growth ability of the enterprise and the risk compensation system. Accordingly, the opportunity entrepreneurship policy should focus on the function of perfecting, promoting, servicing and security, etc. This should be taken into consideration when making entrepreneurship policy.