介词结构漂移的句法语义制约

作为附加语的介词结构自《马氏文通》以来,一直是学者们关注的热点。介词结构在现代汉语中虽呈现出一定的漂移,但并不是任意的。研究发现,如果介词结构后面修饰的是并列的几个分句时,介词结构只能位于句首,不能处在主谓之间;如果介引对象为一个小句或者带有关系从句的名词性成分,介词结构也通常位于句首;介词结构与其核心动词一起构成动词短语,当整个动词短语受某些副词修饰时,介词结构只能位于主谓之间;当介词结构受能愿动词修饰时,介词结构也不能外移至句首;当句子中谓语动词为光杆动词时,介词结构一般放在主谓之间。在语义方面,受事主语句中的漂移介词结构通常要放在句首;谓词性结构充当句子主语时,介词结构也不能位于主谓之间;主语与介引成分有"整体-部分"语义关系时,介词结构也只能位于句首。

Syntactic and Semantic Constraints on PP Shift in Mandarin Chinese

The study of preposition Phrases （PP） has been a hot topic since Mashi Wentong. The shift of PP in Mandarin Chinese can never be arbitrary. Syntactically, it can only occupy the initial place of a sentence when it modifies coordinate clauses, or the complement of preposition is a clause or a nominal phrases with a relative clause; it can only be placed between subject and predicate when the head verb and the PP are modified by some adverbs; it can never shift to the initial position when modified by auxiliary verbs; and when the predicate is a bare verb PP must be placed between subject and predicate. Semantically, PP must be placed at the initial place of the patient-subject sentence; when the subject is a predicate structure, PP can not be placed between subject and predicate, and pp can only be placed at the initial position when there is whole-and-part relation between the subject and the complement of the prepositions.