法哲学视界下的法人本质理论

我国最近颁布的《民法总则》对法人的本质属性作出了界定,意蕴了多重法人本质说的合理性。法人本质理论建立在一定的法哲学理论基础之上,哲学流派不同则学说不同。依生产力决定生产关系原理,法人本质理论根源于物质的生活关系,是社会生产方式发展的产物,并随其变迁而变迁。依辩证抽象具体理论,以“法人拟制说”“法人否定说”和“法人实在说”为代表的诸种法人本质学说是对法人本质属性的概括,而非本质的概括。事实上,人作为个体抽象物亦处于作为社会关系总和的人的本质共性之中,且当法人实践活动不断演进、法人主体形式已然变化时,就更需要新的理论予以补充。因此,法人本质学说应该是多重的。

Theory of nature of legal person in view of legal philosophy: on legal philosophical basis of theory of multiple nature of legal person

The General Principles of Civil Law promulgated recently in China defines the nature of legal person, which implies the rationality of theory of multiple nature of legal person. The theory of nature of legal person is based on certain theory of legal philosophy; hence different schools of philosophy have different theories. According to the principle of productivity determining production relations, the theory of nature of legal person is rooted in the relationship of material life; the material life results from the development of social production mode and changes with it. According to the dialectical abstract concrete theory, the multiple theories of nature of legal person, which are represented by the “legal fiction theory”, the “legal symbolist theory” and the “legal realist theory”, are the generalization of the nature attributes of legal person rather than the generalization of nature itself of legal person. In fact, natural person, as individual abstract, is also in the commonness of nature person the sum of social relations. Moreover, when the practice of legal person is evolving and the form of subject of legal person is changing, it needs the supplement of new theories. Hence, the theory of nature of legal person should be multiple.