道德统计学的社会观:塔尔德与涂尔干之争再考察

鲜有人考察19世纪法国的两位重要社会学家塔尔德和涂尔干之间的争论。本文以两人都倚重的统计学方法为切入口，深入考察两人论辩的实质问题，并力图呈现论辩背后的社会观差异以及各自对社会秩序之基础的思考。塔尔德试图以客观概率的方式去捕捉作为主观变量的社会秩序的生成过程，涂尔干则秉承以凯特莱为代表的道德统计学传统，试图通过纯粹客观的统计数据来捕捉具体社会结构及其功能的正常状态。通过对两人统计学基础的不断追索，本文认为，两人的实质差异在于：塔尔德试图超越社会本体论思考，用单子论的方式把握和理解现代社会特征和秩序的基础，而涂尔干仍然从社会本体的角度做社会学式思考，探寻现代社会的秩序基础。

The Social View of Moral Statistics:Reconsidering the Tarde-Durkheim Debate

The debate between Gabriel Tarde and Émile Durkheim, the two leading French sociologists of the 19th century, has scarcely been studied. This paper is intended as an in-depth examination of the essence of the debate by means of the statistical method that both Tarde and Durkheim relied upon heavily, in order to reveal the different views between the two on society and the basis of social order. As presented in this study, Tarde attempts to capture the process of social order as a subjective variable in a way of objective probability, while Durkheim, adhering to Adolphe Quételet's tradition of moral statistics, attempts to capture a specific social structure and its normal state of function through purely objective statistical data. The investigation into the statistical method of the two sociologists shows that the disagreement between the two is attributed more to the difference between monadology and holism than that of individualism and holism, since both are critical to the predicaments and social problems caused by extreme individualism. Tarde attempts to transcend social ontology to capture the characteristics of modern society and the basis of its order by the way of monadology. For him, imitation constitutes an important basis of modern order. By contrast, Durkheim stresses social ontology in exploring the social basis of modern society, believing that a new moral system brought about by moral transition should only be understood through the inner structure and form of a society. As demonstrated in this study, it is beneficial to revisit these classical sociologists and explore the social view behind their moral statistics when we try to formulate our ideas about contemporary society.