边疆、边界与国家:韦伯的“农业-政治”研究的理论启发

本文以19世纪90年代中期德国的工业化和城市化过程为背景,以韦伯对"农业-政治"问题的讨论为核心,提出了国家的边疆、边界等问题,讨论人口、物资、资本等流动下的国家经济建设与政治结构。文中涉及的实质性问题包括：全球化、工业化背景之下的农村发展问题,国家建设与国家治理思路,以及国家边界的多重（政治、经济与文化）含义。本文认为,在法律、政治、经济等角度的国家观之外,可以建立一种社会取向的、以国民为核心的"国民-国家"观,即包容多元,建立共识,赋予国民以平等的基本权利,并建立国民共享权责和符合国民基本特质的政体制度。

Borderland,Border, and State:A Werberian Study

For the developing countries, the key issue of the rural side of the modernization led by industrialization and urbanization, i.e., how to develop agriculture while facing population mobility and the broken ties of decaying traditional community, is the basic challenge not only to economic policy but to political balance. During 1890's, after several decades of rapid development, the East Elbian region of Germany suffered from poverty, debt, inequality, etc. Young and promising Max Weber, as an agricultural economist, conducts a data survey and analysis on the East Elbian labors, based on which comes into being his disputable 1895 address "National State and Economic Policy", his suggestions, such as closing the borders, keeping out Slavic seasonal labors and Germanize the eastern borderland earn him a reputation of aggressive nationalist.Focusing on borderland and border, this study suggests that the key point is the global mobility of population, goods and capitals endangers the old frame of state economic strategy and political governance, border in this perspective, is the visible symbol of boundary defining sovereignty with latent multi-layers of cultural meaning. Based on this idea, besides legal, political and economic considerations, this paper suggests a sociological concept of state with a core of "Guomin" or the people mainly living in a country with the identification to certain culture but open to differences, inclusive and with consent, share equal right with corresponding share of responsibility. For a state with multi-nationalities, the theory of "Guomin-state" will be helpful to crystalize a stable identification based on diversity.