乡镇企业产权改革、所有制结构及职工参与问题研究

运用改制企业及其职工问卷调查资料 ,本文研究表明:(1)县以上政府出于财政目标的需要 ,鼓励并主导了乡镇企业产权制度的改革 ,改革具有自上而下推动的特征 ,而并非完全像过去主流观点所认为的那样 ,改革完全是自下而上推动的结论;(2)地方 (社区 )政府、改制企业的原经营者、企业职工及社区全体居民在改革后具体企业产权模式的选择上 ,具有明显的鹰—鸽博弈特征 ,地方社区政府、改制企业的原经营者之间的博弈结果是改革后具体企业产权模式的选择的主要的决定力量。乡镇政府和企业经理共同控制了乡镇企业的改制 ,普通职工只有被动的参与权;(3)乡镇政府和原企业经理均无选择股份合作制的动力;(4)企业职工对于是否持股并不十分积极、其能否持股取决于多种因素;(5)职工对改制企业在激励机制、决策机制、管理机制等方面的进步给予积极的肯定;(6)股权结构对企业生产率影响不明显 ,它表明所有权结构只是生产率提高的必要条件 ,而非充要条件 ,它也不是改革最终走向“经营者持大股"的逻辑原因;(7)企业改制、特别是经营者持大股企业对就业、企业长期投资产生了积极影响 ,改制推进了企业经营水平、市场竞争力的提高。

A Study of the Reform of Property Right,Ownership Structure and Participation in Town-and-Township Enterprises

Employing investigation data obtained with questionnaires sent out to and filled out by enterprises whose systems have been changed and by their workers and staff,we,in this study,would like to demonstrate that(1)because of the need in revenue,the governments at county level and above have encouraged and led the reform of ownership system in rural-township enterprises,resulting in this reform characterized by being spurred from top to bottom,not in conformity with the former mainˉstream points of view-the conclusion that the reform has been promoted from bellow;(2)after the reform,the selection of modes of enterprises'ownership right has obviously the features of the local government,the former manager and the staff of the enterprise that has been reformed,and all the villagers having attended an"eagles versus pigeons"game,and the outcome of the competition between the local government and the former manager is the main decisive force in the selection of concrete modes of enterprise ownership after the reform,leading to the fact that the township government and the former managers together have controlled the system reform of rural township enterprises,leaving only participation right for the ordinary staff and workers;(3)both rural township governments and enterprise managers have no motive force for the selection of the cooperative joint stock system;(4)staff and workers of enterprises are not very enthusiastic about whether they will hold share,and whether they can is determined by many factors;(5)staff and workers of enterprises have affirmed the progress made by reformed enterprises in terms of encouraging mechanism,decision making system and management system;(6)the impact of share ownership upon enterprise productivity is not obvious,which indicates that the structure of share ownership structure is only an essential condition,but not the necessary and sufficient condition to raise productivity,nor is it the logic cause for the destination of reform being that"managers should hold most shares";(7)reformed enterprises,especially those in which managers are the main shareholders,have made a positive impact on employment and enterprise's long-term investment,and the system reform has propelled the raise of enterprise management level and market competitiveness.