日本福利国家体制及面临的挑战

福利国家具有作为国家目标的福利国家、作为补助国家的福利国家与作为规制国家的福利国家三层含义。它们分别对应于福利政策、再分配机制与规制架构。就福利政策来说，日本具有一个非常强大的官僚机构，而其社会民主性却较微弱；就再分配机制来说，日本具有社会支出水平较低、公共事业支出较高的特点；就规制架构来说，日本的社会规制微弱，经济规制强大。

The Welfare State Regime of Japan and the Challenges it Faces

The welfare state has three meanings: welfare state as national goal, welfare state as provider and welfare state as regulator. They are differently corresponding with welfare policy, redistributive regime and regulatory structure. In terms of the welfare policy, Japan has a strong state bureaucracy and a weak social democracy. In terms of redistributive regime, Japan has characteristics which the social expenditure is relatively low and the expenditure for public works is high. In terms of regulatory structure, Japan has weak social regulation and strong economic regulation.