| Abstract: | Abstract Neurobiology and molecular genetics are contributing heavily to a new understanding of the causes of chemical dependence (“addiction”). Willful chemical abuse is a problem that continues to produce significant societal costs including accidents, medical expenses, and family suffering. Pathological chemical dependence, on the other hand, is being recognized as a true medical disease that is also devastating, but in different ways. There is strong evidence in animals and humans that chemical dependence involves a dysregulation of the pleasure pathway (the “medial forebrain bundle”), located in the mesolimbic portion of the brain. Dopamine is one of the medial forebrain bundle's major neurotransmitters. In this paper, we provide a research-based model for the causes of chemical dependence and its treatment, and integrate this information with classic Twelve Step treatment programs. |
