论明清实学是儒学发展的特殊理论形态

实学是儒学发展到宋元明清时期形成的特殊理论形态和特定历史阶段。实学的本义为通经、修德、时务、致用之学,其内涵的形成有一个历史演变过程。宋明时期反对佛学与道学,以佛道为“虚学”;明清之际反对理学、心学的空谈心性,以理学、心学末流为“虛学”,实学作为儒学特殊理论形态成为社会主要思潮。实学有自己的本体论、认识论、方法论,有自己的价值观、伦理观、社会观等理论体系和概念体系。明清实学与宋明理学具有既对立又统一的关系。目前我国学术界研究实学,具有泛化与定位不准确倾向,需要进一步展开讨论。

School of Application in the Ming and Qing Dynasties:the Special Theoretical Formation in the Development of Confucianism

The trend of thought of the School of Application was both a special theoretical formation and specific historical phase in the development of the Confucianism in the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties in China. The original meaning of the School of Application, in a narrow sense, was to have a good knowledge in classics, to cultivate moral character, to get well acquainted with current affairs, and to learn for the sake of pragmatic application. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the School of Application as a special theoretical formation of Confucianism became a mainstream in society. The School of Application in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties are of unity as well as opposite nature.