Prevalence and patterns of tobacco,alcohol, and drug use among Iranian adolescents: A meta-analysis of 58 studies |
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| Institution: | 1. Health Promotion Research Center, Epidemiology & Biostatistics Department, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Doctor Hesabi Square, Zahedan 9817667993, Iran;2. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, District 1, Daneshjou Blvd., Tehran 1983963113, Iran;1. Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;2. Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;3. ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;4. Institute for Health and Society, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;1. Deputy for Treatment, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran;2. HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;3. Deputy for Public Health, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran\n;4. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran;5. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Adolescence is the critical age when adopting high-risk and health-threatening behaviors including smoking, drug and alcohol use is at its peak. Accordingly, this meta-analysis aimed to provide comprehensive nationwide estimates of tobacco, alcohol, and drug use among Iranian adolescents; and to compare their habits with other societies.Electronic databases, including PubMed, Medline, Embase, Google scholar and National Persian databases of SID, Magiran, and IranMedex were utilized in identifying relevant articles. The included studies were those having publications of quantitative estimates and standard errors of the prevalence of cigarette and drug use among 14–19-year-old high school students in Iran from 2000 to 2014. Random-effects meta-analyses were done including a total of 80,588 high school students.The most common drugs among adolescents in Iran were hallucinogens 25.3% (95% CI: 23.9–26.8)], sleeping pills and tranquilizers 25% (95% CI: 24–26.1)], hookah 23.1% (95% CI: 22.2–23.9)], opiates 22% (95% CI: 21.3–22.7)] and central nervous system (CNS) stimulants 20.1% (95% CI: 19.1–21.1)]. Furthermore, overall estimates for cigarette smoking, alcohol and chewing tobacco/Pan/Nas in the participants were 16.8% (95% CI: 16.4–17.2), 14.7% (95% CI: 14.2–15.3) and 10.0% (95% CI: 8.7–11.4), respectively. However, there was some heterogeneity in the pattern of drug use across the country (P < 0.01). Additionally, the risk of smoking, drinking and drug use by boys was considerably greater than girls. Moreover, data showed a varying trend of drug use over three studied periods of time.In conclusion, a diverse pattern and trend of tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and drug use among adolescents in Iran was verified. Therefore, preventive and control measures (i.e. education) provided in schools should be compatible with age groups, with emphasis being laid on pattern of use in different parts of the country. |
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