关键证人出庭作证的欧洲模式及其借鉴意义

《欧洲保障人权和基本自由公约》第6条的起草过程表明该条具有对抗制内核.欧洲法院对质权判例的发展过程,就是深植于第6条的对抗制内核的缓慢展开过程.欧洲人权法院在处理对质权问题时采取双层分析模式.经由双层分析模式,将对质权的保障纳入公正审判权的视野中予以考虑.为贯彻双层分析模式,欧洲法院创设了三步检测方法,即先后审查证人不出庭的合理根据、书面证言是否是不利于被告人的唯一或决定性证据、是否存在其他平衡因素抵消书面证言给被告人造成的不利影响.借鉴欧洲人权法院判例,中国应当明确关键证人出庭作证的实体必要性要素和程序必要性要素,同时应当明确关键证人不出庭作证的情形及判断标准.

On the attendance of key witnesses under the European model and its value

The drafting of Article 6 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms indicates the adversarial core of this Article.The history of the judicial precedents of European Court of Human Rights on confrontation right is the history of the slow development of its adversarial core.In dealing with problems of confrontation right, the European Court of Human Rights established a two-tiered analytical approach.Via this approach, the safeguard of confrontation right is taken back into the vision of fair trial for consideration.In order to implement the two-tiered analytical approach, the European Court of Human Rights created a three-steps test, that is, to examine step by step the reasonable basis for the witness not appearing in court, whether the written testimony is the only or conclusive evidence against the defendant, and whether there are other balance factors to offset the adverse effects caused by written testimony to the defendant.Learning from the European Court of Human Rights, China should make clear the substantive requirements and the procedural requirements for the attendance of key witnesses, the conditions of non-attendance of key witnesses and the criterion to distinguish them.