“二十四史”《循吏》、《酷吏》列传与中国古代监察官的选任

传统的“二十四史”中有19史载有《循吏列传》，有10史给酷吏列传。循吏和酷吏(特别是循吏)具有十分明显的群体个性特点，即刚正不阿、直言敢谏，博学多识、明于礼法，具有地方(或基层)任职的经历等，而这几个方面正是中国古代监察官选任的基本条件。因而，循吏、酷吏与中国古代的监察制度发生了密切的关系。“二十四史”中《循吏》、《酷吏》两列传涉及人物约350人，其中大约有三分之一通过君主亲授、吏部铨选、台府辟署，或官员荐举等形式位至台谏，对中国古代监察制度的运作产生了深刻的影响。循吏、酷吏，特别是循吏参与台谏，在一定程度上有利于皇权的稳固、吏治的清明，促进了封建社会的进一步延续和发展。

Biographies of Fine and Cruel Officials in the Twenty- Four Histories and the Selection of Supervisory Officials in Ancient China

Among traditional Twenty-Four Histories, there are nineteen biographies of fine officials and ten biographies of cruel officials. The obvious individual characteristics in fine and cruel officials , e.g. firm and out-spoken, erudite and versutile, holding a post in locality or basic units, which were basic condition of the selection of supervisory officia ls gave rise to intimate relation between fine and cruel officials and superviso ry system of ancients China. Biographies of fine and cruel officials involved 35 0 figures, among whom about a third were given orders to be supervisory officials b y monarch, ministry of personnel, secretariat, or being recommended. Through par taking in supervisory system, they promoted imporial power to be stabicized, bur eaucrat politics clear and bright, and feudal society continued and developped t o a certain extent.