春秋时期家臣制度的延续及其变革

家臣是西周、春秋时期卿大夫的私家官吏。家臣制度即关于家臣的设置、职掌、俸禄、行为准则等的制度规定。西周时期，贵族世家内使用家臣进行管理，家臣制构成了贵族家族政治重要的一环。春秋初期，家臣制度继承了西周旧制的若干传统，家臣世袭制、家臣俸禄的禄田制得以延续。另一方面，春秋时期的家臣制度相对于西周又有新的发展，如家臣设置的重点转移至诸侯国卿大夫的家族和采邑中；家臣设置日趋完备、职能更加精细、数量不断增加；家臣职责明显具有管理国家公共事务的职能。迨及春秋中后期，家臣成分日益复杂化、家臣世袭制不断打破、家臣俸禄出现了谷禄形式，这标志着传统家臣制发生了深刻的变革而走向了衰落。家臣制度的衰变，对春秋贵族政治向新的政治形态转变具有重要的意义。

Continuation and Change of Retainer System in the Spring and Autumn Period

The retainers were the private officials of the senior ministers in the western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period.The retainer system reffered to the regulations of the setting,duties,payments,the activating principles of the retainers.During the Western Zhou Period,the aristocratic families appointed the retainers to manage the household duties and the retainer system constituted an important link of the aristocratic family politics.During the early Spring and Autumn Period,the retainer system ...