西方哲学的人类学转向与马克思对人类学哲学的开创

西方哲学由古代的以客观存在为本位的本体论哲学,发展到近代的以主客关系为本位的认识论哲学,到十九世纪中叶,发展到"形而上学要由‘人类学’来取代"(海德格尔)的现代哲学的人类学转向。马克思处在这一转向的滥觞时代,并开辟了这一哲学的新方向:广义人类学哲学。其特征,其一在于立足于"社会化了的人类",即以人类为本位构建新哲学;其二在于通过"人类的感性活动"来理解世界("事物、现实、感性");其三在于通过"革命的实践"来"改变世界",使人类能够合理生存与健全发展;其四在于以"人的社会存在"来理解人类的生存发展和自由解放问题;其五,在于从人的现实关系来揭示人和人类世界。这一哲学的基本价值精神在于:在对不合理世界的批判中争取"每个人和一切人"的合理生存、健全发展与走向自由解放。这是当代政治理性可以引以为据的重估一切价值、重建人与自然界的关系、重构各民族健全发展的人类学关系的当代马克思主义哲学,是马克思主义时代化的必由之路,它对当今的全球化发展和中国的改革开放都是至关重要的。

The Anthropological Turn of Western Philosophy and Establishment of Anthropological Philosophy by Marx

Western philosophy went through four important phases.The ancient Greek philosophers concerned themselves primarily with the question of objective being and developed ontological thinking.The early modern philosophers thematized the epistemological problem which presupposes the subject-object correlation.According Heidegger,the world came to be understood in terms of the image of man in the mid-19th century,and metaphysics in due course gave way to philosophical anthropology – this is what is commonly called anthropological turn of modern philosophy.Living in this critical moment Marx opened up a new horizon of philosophy – the anthropological philosophy in a broad sense.What is essential about this philosophy is its critical stand toward the social injustice and its determination to fight for the good life and final liberation of every single human being.This principle of contemporary Marxism necessarily grounds the political rationality of the 21st century,for it meets all the historical demands including the revaluation of all values,the reestablishment of the harmonious relationship between human being and nature,and the tightening of the ties between various ethnic groups.It is of great significance for the global development and China’s reformation and opening up.