虚无主义的阶级论界定:从马克思看屠格涅夫

影响中国的两个言说虚无主义的国家是德国和俄国。两个国家中各有一个生卒年完全一致、志向和精力非常相似的思想家:马克思、屠格涅夫。屠格涅夫在《父与子》中思考的虚无主义具有以科学质疑一切,拒绝颓废、努力工作,拒斥浪漫主义的苦行僧形象等特征。与马克思思考虚无主义问题的明确性相比,屠格涅夫更显踌躇、疑虑、把握不足和不确定。马克思立足于未来新人(无产阶级)角度看待资产阶级的虚无主义,而屠格涅夫则立足于贵族角度看待资产阶级平民知识分子的虚无主义。两人的共同性还表现在,他们都没有在民族-文明论意义上谈论虚无主义。从马克思来看屠格涅夫,不但饶有趣味,而且令人浮想联翩;他们思考的问题值得重视中国前途和现代文明前景出路的人们进一步思考。

A Class Analysis of Nihilism: Looking at Turgenev from Marx's Perspective

The discourse about nihilism in modern Chinese context is influenced by German and Russian thinkers.Among them were Marx and Turgenev.Both were born in 1818 and died in 1883;both were extremely energetic and shared similar ambition.In Father and Son Turgenev portrayed an image of the nihilist as a self-disciplined intelligentsia who questions everything with his scientific mind;this nihilist refuses to live a decadent life,believes in hard work and detests romanticism.Compared with Marx’s firm stand against nihilism,Turgenev’s attitude is much more hesitant and uncertain.While Marx judged nihilism from the standpoint of new human being of the future(proletariat),Turgenev looked at nihilism of the bourgeois plebian intelligentsia from the aristocratic perspective.Yet neither of them considered the national-cultural characteristic of nihilism.To read Turgenev from Marx’s perspective is not only interesting but also fruitful.The problem they both probed demands more reflections from those who are concerned about the future of China and the path of modern civilization.