清代乾嘉时期的官方史学与私家史学

清代乾隆、嘉庆时期,是中国传统学术文化发展的重要历史阶段,不仅官方史学繁荣鼎盛,私家历史考据也精深广博,在编纂史书、理论阐发、历史考据、文献整理等方面皆超越往代,是传统史学大清理、大总结的阶段。近代以来,学术界在评价乾嘉学术时,多称其时考据学独领风骚,事实上,所谓的"乾嘉史学",应当是官方史学与私家史学的总合,而不能仅仅关注私家之历史考据。官方与私家史学之间,有挤压,也有竞争,但以相互补益为主,史学思想与历史观念也趋向于一致。但是,这种"盛世"史学的繁荣,却增强了传统史学思想体系拖延转型的力量,并不利于长时段史学的发展。中国近代史学的产生,之所以滞后于鸦片战争多年,原因之一即在于此。

The Official and Private Historiography during the Qian-Jia Period of Qing Dynasty

The development of the official historiography was thriving, and the private textual historiography was skilled and experienced during Qian-Jia period. Achievements of writing history, expounding theory, textual historiography and settling literature were greatly exceeding the previous ages, which was the stage of comprehensive summary. Since the historiography in Qian-Jia period should include official and private historiography, there was squeezing and competition, but mutual benefits were primary. Their history ideas and concept of history became consistent. This flourishing historiography strengthened traditional power, which was not conducive to its long-term development, which was one reason that Chinese modern historiography was not developed in a long period after the Opium War.