从罗马万民法到WTO规则--对法律的普遍主义要素的历史考察

古代罗马法有着市民法和万民法之分,其中万民法代表了罗马法的普遍主义要素.它对于欧洲中世纪的教会法、罗马法以及商人法等具有普遍主义要素的法律产生了重要影响.但是在近代主权国家形成以后,法律的普遍主义要素受到全面否定.以国家主权为基础的国际法和各国国家法构成了严格的法律一元体系.第二次世界大战以来,在国际贸易和经济全球化的浪潮之下,国际贸易惯例以及统一实体法条约等为代表的法律普遍主义要素开始复活.WTO的建立和WTO规则的实施,实际上构成了一个完整的世界性统一法律规则.这标志着既存的以国家主权为核心的法律一元体系开始让位于体现国家主义和普遍主义两大要素的法律多元体系.因此从法律史上看,WTO规则可以说是当今时代的万民法.

From Roman ius gentius to WTO Rules:A Historical Observation of the Universalism Factor of Law

The ancient Roman Law is divided into ius cigvile and ius gentius . The ius gentius represents the universalism factor. This exerts a tremendous influence on the Canon Law, Roman Law and Merchant Law in the Middle Ages. But, the universalism factor of law has been denied since the modern sovereign states were formed. The international law and state law on the basis of the state's sovereignty constituted a strict law monism system. After the Second World War, due to the wave of international trade and economic globalization, the law universalism factor that is marked by the international trade conventions and the united substance treaties and so on began to revive. The establishment of WTO and the implementation of WTO rules have actually constituted the complete universal law rules. This indicates that law monism system is been replaced by the law pluralism system that reflects the nationalism factor and the universalism factor. Therefore, from the view of the legal history, WTO rules can be called contemporary ius gentius.