港澳发展差距的制度因素分析——制度效率比较及启示

澳门与香港的制度形式相似,实质则不同.在制度所涉及的产权制度、政府权威及法制状况等重要方面,澳门的制度效率及制度创新均同香港有着重大的差距,这也是导致两地经济差距悬殊的根本性原因.在产权制度方面,香港的"积极不干预"政策优于澳门的"基本不干预"政策;香港的土地政府垄断不排斥经营上的自由竞争,而澳门的赌业垄断专营则窒息了该行业的竞争与活力.在政府及制度创新方面,香港明显优于澳门,香港是强势高效的政府,而澳门则是弱势低效的政府.在法制建设方面,香港是一个法制社会,法律有效地调控经济运行及社会发展,而澳门则是一个法制不健全、调控乏力的社会,这反过来又制约了其制度实施的效率.制度是经济增长的根本性制约因素,制度及其效率差异决定了港澳两地经济增长状况的不同.香港在制度创新及实施效率方面的优势转化为经济优势和社会秩序的稳定;相反,澳门在制度创新及实施效率方面的劣优与不足阻碍了澳门经济的发展及社会的和谐稳定.因此,澳门的发展繁荣取决于回归后解决好制度创新问题.

On Comparison of Institution and Efficiency between Hongkong and Macau

Although Macau is similar to Hongkong in form of institution, there are real differences in essenceof institutions between two regions. Macau's institutions, involving property right, authority of government and judi-cial system, are inferior to Hongkong' s in efficiency and innovation. The differences of institution lead to the gap ofefficiency. The "Active Nonintervention Policy" carried out in Hongkong is superior to the "Basic NoninterventionPolicy" in Macau. Government's land monopoly in Hongkong can be in good terms with the free-competion of man-agement. On the contrary, the gambling monopoly in Macau rules out competition and vigour of the sector.Hongkong' s executive efficiency and institution innovation are superior to Maccau's as well. On the construction oflegal system, Hongkong has gradually formulated a complete set of judicial system with high efficiency to control andregulate economic operation and social development. While imperfect and inefficient judicial system in Macau re-strains the smooth development of economy and society. The preference of institutions in Hongkong transforms intothe preference of economy and social stabilization, but things are on the contrary way in Macau.