A cross-cultural study on surrogate mother's empathy and maternal–foetal attachment |
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| Institution: | 1. University Paris Diderot, CRPMS, Bâtiment Olympe de Gouges, 5 rue Thomas Mann, 75013 Paris, France;2. University Paris-sud 11, 63 rue Gabriel Péri, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;3. Alliant International University, California School of Professional Psychology, 10455 Pomerado Road, San Diego, CA 92131, United States;1. Department of Midwifery Science, AVAG, and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;2. Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands;3. Department of Sociology and Interuniversity Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology (ICS), University of Groningen, The Netherlands;4. National Association for Specialty Training for General Practice and GP Trainers, Utrecht, The Netherlands;5. Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Utrecht, The Netherlands;6. Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine/EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;1. University of Western Sydney, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;2. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;1. Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain;2. Department of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Jaen, Spain;3. Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain;4. Department of Social Anthropology, University of Granada, Spain;1. Health & Education Services, Diabetes NSW, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia;2. School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;3. Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;4. School of Public Health, Western Australia Centre for Health Promotion Research, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia;1. Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy;2. Neuromed, Istituto Mediterraneo Neurologico (IRCCS), Via Atinense 18, Pozzilli, 86077 Isernia, Italy;3. Department of Obstetric Gynaecological and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundTraditional and gestational surrogate mothers assist infertile couples by carrying their children. In 2005, a meta-analysis on surrogacy was conducted but no study had examined empathy and maternal–foetal attachment of surrogate mothers. Assessments of surrogate mothers show no sign of psychopathology, but one study showed differences on several MMPI-2 scales compared to a normative sample: surrogate mothers identified with stereotypically masculine traits such as assertiveness and competition. They had a higher self-esteem and lower levels of anxiety and depression.Research objectiveTo determine if there is a difference in empathy and maternal–foetal attachment of surrogate mothers compared to a comparison group of mothers.MethodsThree groups of European traditional and gestational surrogate mothers (n = 10), Anglo-Saxon traditional and gestational surrogate mothers (n = 34) and a European normative sample of mothers (n = 32) completed four published psychometric instruments: the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (empathy index), the Hospital Anxiety and Depressions Scale and the MC20, a social desirability scale. Pregnant surrogate mothers filled the Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale (n = 11). Statistical non-parametric analyses of variance were conducted.FindingsDepending on cultural background, surrogate mothers present differences in terms of empathy, anxiety and depression, social desirability and quality of attachment to the foetus compared to a normative sample.ConclusionsEnvironment plays a role for traditional and gestational surrogacy. Surrogate mothers of both groups are less anxious and depressed than normative samples. Maternal–foetal attachment is strong with a slightly lower quality of attachment. Surrogate mother's empathy indexes are similar to normative samples, sometimes higher. |
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| Keywords: | Surrogate mother Empathy Maternal–foetal relations Cross-cultural comparison Social desirability |
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