“读活的书”与“算死的账”:论共产党土地革命中的“算账派”

1933年中国共产党领导的查田运动第一次将量化阶级标准推行到土地革命的实践中,后又沿用至1946年以后解放区土改和1949年以后全国性的土改实践之中。以往学界对土地革命的研究,更多侧重于社会动员论视角下的地方史解读,而对量化阶级标准缺少足够的关注。重点关注前者的学者,往往又集中于单纯的政策讨论层面因而很容易陷入意识形态之争。本文主要关注后者并试图以推行量化阶级标准的重要历史担纲者王观澜为考察对象,综合运用多种史料,通过对其成长背景、教育经历以及革命历程的详细梳理,呈现其特有的精神气质,并以此为基础去勾勒其在土地革命中的“算阶级”的实践轨迹。同时通过再现置身于土改运动中的共产党“技术干部”对待理论问题的“实用主义”的思想倾向,考察蕴含在共产党政权具体的土改实践脉络中的一系列内在局限,并尝试去揭示这些局限的历史根源。

Quantification of Social Class in the Chinese Communist Land Reform: “The School of Counting” in Communist Party's Land Revolution

The Land Survey Movement (chatian yundong) led by the CCP in 1933 incorporated for the first time quantified measurements into land reform. It became an established practice in the newly liberated areas after 1946 as well as for the nationwide land reform after the 1949 Liberation. The existing research on land reform paid little attention to this important quantification method of social class used to define rural social classes. Even those who did pay attention are mostly interested in the policy side of the practice. This study focuses on the architect of this quantification method--Wang Guanlan. Through historical archives, memoirs, and journal articles and documents, Wang's personal background, his education and involvement in the communist revolution are thoroughly examined to reach an accurate understanding of the person and the practice he was responsible for. In so doing, we gain some insights to the “technocrats” in the CCP during that period and their pragmatism, and how the CCP turned a theoretical and ideological concept of “class” into an applicable measurement to define rural classes and the limitation associated with such a practice.