张之洞与清末军事早期现代化

在清末编练新军的艰难历程中,张之洞大力推进各项军事改革,成为地方督抚西法练兵的楷模。张之洞由改造山西旧军到组建广胜军,逐渐由一介清流而历练为"知兵"大员。张之洞创练自强军,在饷章制度、新军训练和军事教育等方面积极效法西方。清末新政时期,张之洞整军经武励精图治,将湖北新军编练成为规模仅次于北洋新军的一支现代化的劲旅。张之洞的军事思想及其实践,对清末军事早期现代化产生了重要影响。

Chang Chih-tung and Early Modernization of Military in Late Qing Dynasty

During the westernization movement period, Chang Chih-tung retrained shanxi old army and the guangsheng army and gradually became experienced military governors. After the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-1895, Chang Chih-tung trained the Tzu-Chiang army and a modern army of Hubei province whose size was smaller than the Pei-yang new army in late Qing Dynasty. Chang Chih-tung＇s military thoughts and practice had a significant influence on early modernization of military in late Qing Dynasty.