生活真实与艺术真实——杜甫名句“朱门酒肉臭,路有冻死骨”正解补证

“朱门酒肉臭,路有冻死骨”是杜甫《自京赴奉先县咏怀五百字》中的名句。传统认为,“臭”字是腐败难闻的意思,上下两句间构成了鲜明的对比,揭露了当时贫富分化严重的社会问题。当代学人另辟新解,因“臭”字本是多音多义字,根据诗歌的写实性,认为此处读音是xiù,指气味,在此诗句中特指香味。学术界从语言学层面已有深入辨析,否定了新解,其说可从。杜甫经历了极度贫困的生活,建立了独特的社会观察视角,形成了自觉的民本情怀,关怀民生疾苦,关心贫富分化,其诗歌叙事很重要的特点是推己及人,融个体经历与社会观察、感受于一体。从文学表达的自身规律角度看,艺术真实并不等于生活真实,杜甫其实是通过艺术典型化,综合表现了自己既往的生活经验和感受,取得艺术真实的效果。因此,将“朱门酒肉臭”之“臭”字理解为腐败难闻的意思,更符合他的思想与思维习惯。

Real Life and Artistic Reality: Supplementary Explanation for the Correct Interpretation of Du Fu's Well-Known Verse

“Behind redden doors stink wine and meat;But upon the road die frozen men.”is a well-known verse written by Du Fu in the poem 500-Character Poem:A Reflection on the Road from Capital to Fengxian Town.In many traditional studies,scholars think that the character臭(stink)in the original verse means rotten and smelly,which can create a sharp contrast between the two sentences and reveal the severe social problem of time,polarization between the rich and the poor.But some contemporary scholars make a new interpretation,regarding that the character means the odor and refers to the aroma of wine and meat in the verse because it is a polyphonic character and poem is usually realistic in nature.The academic circle has made in-depth analyses from the linguistic aspect,and denied the new interpretation.Du Fu experienced extreme poverty,established a unique perspective of social observation,and had conscious people-oriented feelings.He cared about people’s livelihood and sufferings,and concerned the polarization of the rich and the poor.One of the most important characteristics of his poetic narration is considering others in his own place,and integrating his personal experience with social observation and his feelings.From the perspective of the law of literary expression,artistic reality does not amount to real life.Du Fu actually comprehensively expressed his life experience and feelings through the topicalization of art,and made the achievement of realizing the artistic reality.Therefore,it is more appropriate to interpret the character臭as“stink”and such interpretation is more consistent with his thoughts and thinking habit.