超越“事实”与“价值”之紧张:在普特南的视域中

“事实”与“价值”的二分虽业已成为现代西方道德哲学一个很重要的教条,甚至构成了现代西方政治哲学的根本前提,但是这种彻底割裂、极端二分以致二者紧张对峙的做法却不断遭到质疑与反驳.比如普特南就立足于实用主义转向后的基本立场,从认识论、伦理学和科学哲学的角度对事实与价值的二分法予以了激烈的批判.在认识论层面,普特南通过批判古典经验主义和逻辑实证主义的事实观念从而瓦解事实与价值二分法的认知基础；在伦理学层面,其通过对“混杂的”伦理概念的阐扬从而显明事实判断与价值判断之间的缠结；在科学哲学层面,其通过消解科学和伦理学之间的紧张从而揭明科学并非价值无涉,价值判断对于科学实践不可或缺.

The Transcendence of the Tension Between "Fact" and "Value":In the Perspective of Putnam

The dichotomy of the "fact" and "value",which has become a very important dogma of the western moral philosophy in the contemporary age,even has constituted a fundamental premise of modern western political philosophy.But the practices,which causes the tension between "fact" and "value",were questioned and refuted constantly.Basing on the basic position of after the pragmatism turn,Putnam criticized on the dichotomy of fact and value in the perspective of epistemology,ethics,and philosophy of science.At the level of epistemology,Putnam disintegrated the cognitive basis of the dichotomy of "fact" and "value" by criticizing the fact notions of the classical empiricism and logical positivism.At the level of ethics,he justified the entanglement between fact judgment and value judgment with "confused" ethical concepts.At the level of philosophy of science,by removing the tension between science and ethics,he revealed that science was not value-free,and value judgment was indispensable for scientific practices.