管理学研究对象的历史演变及发展趋势

管理学研究对象既包括生产力和生产关系，也包括上层建筑，并随着人类管理实践活动的历史演变而不断发展变化，其演变历程可分为人类早期的管理实践和管理思想、中世纪中晚期的管理实践与管理思想、中世纪以后20世纪以前的管理实践与管理思想、20世纪管理学诞生发展时期的管理学研究对象四个阶段。根据这个规律归纳分析，管理学研究对象呈现出从单一管理向系统管理发展、静态管理向动态管理发展、战术管理向战略管理发展、微观管理向宏观管理发展四个发展趋势。

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND GROWING TREND OF THE OBJECTS OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

The objects of management science include not only productive forces and relations of production, but also superstructure, which evolves from historical development of human management practices. The evolvement can be phased as four stages, namely the management practice and theory of the early human era, of the late Middle Ages, of after the Middle Ages until the 20th century, and the latest 20th century in which the management science came into being. Based on this inductive analysis, the objects of management science tend to develop from single to systemic management, static to dynamic management, tactic to strategic management, micro- to macro-management.