经济转型时期的资源危机与社会对策——对先秦山林川泽资源保护的重新评说

先秦山林川泽资源保护思想、制度和法令非常引人注目,它们的产生和发展具有特殊时代背景:周秦之际,社会经济变迁加速,黄河中下游地区由于农地垦殖规模快速扩大,野生动植物资源萎缩,采集捕猎经济不断衰退,然而国计民生对许多自然天成的物产仍具有很大依赖性。在这种背景下,原隰沃野之外的山林川泽资源日益凸现出经济上的重要性,因此思想家们提出不少管理、保护的思想主张,国家则通过设置职官、制定礼制禁令和建立苑囿,实行时禁、火宪,乃至专山泽之利,不断强化山林川泽控制管理。这些思想主张和礼法制度包含着不少值得珍重的优秀文化元素,但与当今环境资源保护有着历史本质上的差别。倘若脱离历史情境进行一味拔高的评价和玄化的演绎,乃至把今天的思想观念强加给古人,不仅难以揭示其历史真相,反而会妨碍对人与自然关系本质的认识。

Resource Crisis and Social Responses During the Economic Transition:Re-commenting on Mountain,Forest,River and Swamp Conservation in the Pre-Qin Period

Ideas, systems and rules of mountain, forest, rivers and swamp resource conservation of the Pre-qin period are very worthy of concern. Numerous thinkers put forward their ideas on the related affairs. Governments continuously strengthened management of mountain, forest, river and swamp, and even gradually controlled the interests exclusively by setting up institutions and officials, developing rites and prohibitions, as well as building parks. Shijin and the Huoxian, etc., were put into practice. All those ...