论《商君书》中的“精神重农主义”——兼谈中国佛教“农禅并重”的“普请制”

在中国传统的重农思想中，除了有“经济重农主义”，还有“精神重农主义”，后者在《商君书》中有突出的表现。《商君书》中的“精神重农主义”不象“经济重农主义”那样关注农业的产业特征，而是关注农民的心理特征即“朴”。《商君书》认为“农朴”而易治，所以除了必要的官和兵以外，应该全民皆农，哪怕是“国富仓廪满”，也还是要求民“壹于农”而不得从事非农的职业，唯其如此，国家才能长治久安。无独有偶，这种重视“农心”的“精神重农主义”在中国佛教“农禅并重”的体制中也有明显的反映，尽管它和《商君书》所关注的“农心”有所不同。

On the Spiritual Physiocracy in Shang Yang's Works and in the History of Chinese Buddhism

The thought of Chinese traditional physiocracy consists of two parts, one is the economical physiocracy, the other is the spiritual physiocracy which can be seen in Shang yang＇ s works, whose au- thor pays close attention to the peasantry instead of the agriculture. In the viewpoint of Shang yang＇ s works, the peasants are ease to dominate and control because of their spirits of honesty, so the governor of a country should make in whatever conditions his people all over his national territory become peasants except a small number of officers and soldiers in order to ensure his government. As a comparable thing, this kind of spiritual physiocracy reflected in Shang yang＇ s works is found in the buddhist regulations regarding farming as buddhist practising in the history of chinese Buddhism.