清末东三省林业的管理及近代林业的萌芽

清中叶以前,清政府对东北实行封禁政策,东三省森林处于极盛时期。道光至光绪年间,这一地区的森林资源遭到不同程度的破坏。一方面,清政府解禁东北,大量移民涌入,在开垦过程中滥砍滥伐;另一方面,日、俄势力进入东北,砍伐林木用于修建铁路等,大肆掠夺森林资源。光绪三十一年（1905）后,在实业救亡思潮下,东三省大力发展实业,林业作为实业的重要部分得到重视。政府通过将林业纳入行政管辖,组建林业公司统一经营以及与俄国改订购木条约等方式,加强了对林业的管理,严禁以往任意砍伐的行为。这一时期,林业保护观念得到增强,政府进一步意识到先进的林业技术对发展林业的重要性。为此,各地开始兴办农林学堂和林业试验场,林业成为一种专门之学,近代林业教育出现萌芽。

Forestry Management and Early Modern Forestry Germination of Northeast China in Late Qing Dynasty

Forest was in its full bloom period in northeast area in China before the middle Qing Dynasty because the Qing government forbade people entering into this area.From Daoguang（道光） to Guangxu（光绪）period,the forest was destroyed in varying degrees.On one hand,with the Qing government at that period lifting the ban of forbidding people entering into the area,a large number of immigrants swarmed into the northeast area,and acres of forest land were reclaimed into farmland.On the other hand,with the Japanese and Russian coming into the area,cutting forest to build railway,forest resources were depredated in this period.After Guangxu 31th,affected by the trend of saving the nation from extinction by developing industry,industry was highly developed in northeast china,and forest was treasured as an important part of industry.The government strengthened forestry management by taking administrative jurisdiction,establishing forestry companies and revamping forest treaty with Russia to forbid abusive felling of trees.In this period,the concept of forestry protection was strengthened and the government realized the importance of advanced technology for forestry development.Therefore,forestry schools and forest experimental stations were established by government around northeast China.As a special science,forestry education began to appear in early modern period in China.