组织形成的条件

人类合作关系有两种基本类型:交易型合作和组织型合作.两者有重大差别:组织型合作有一个共同目标,交易型合作没有共同目标;组织型合作所遵循的规则往往是刻意规定的,而交易型合作所遵循的规则往往是自发形成的;组织型合作会建立一个等级制或科层制结构,而交易型合作则不会产生这种结果.组织是按其内外制度来行动以达到共同目标的具有等级制结构的群体.可以从经济人假设出发,运用交往惠利、交往成本等概念分析组织形成的条件.

The Terms of Organization of Forming

The chief condition of cooperation in big colony is that it can bring the reciprocal return to each other, simply, it can be called communication return, and it must exceed or equal to the communication cost at least, that`s to say the net communication return must exceed zero. Secondly, information and knowledge must be complete, that`s to say ,both sides do all know that cooperation can bring return to themselves and say the other also has this knowledge .Human`s symbiosis has two basic types: exchanging cooperation and organizing cooperation .The former is to stipulate common abidance by action rule in the way of negotiating equally when copartners go in for their respective aim that may be often different or even has conflict, and than increases both return on the base of not hurting other`s return. The latter is to found organization,such as enterprise ,family ,party ,and so on. We can define organization as some people (at least two people)`s set that`s charactered by hierachical structure ,they all obey the same system ,realizing common aim. So the latter has a common aim while the former has not; the rule followed by the former is often formed spontaneously while the latter often follows a deliberate rule. From the hypothesis of economic person, the factors that people decide cooperation or not and choose which kind of it can be classified into two types : communication return and communication cost.Communication return in exchanging cooperation includes Pareto improvement from exchanging, comparative return from dividing the work and equal large charge from status equality.To governer or manager, communication return in organizing cooperation is matter surplus produced from governee or managee, in other words, the right of coming down on surplus, and it is the large charge from the right of governing or managing. To governee or managee, they can adopt two attitudes: submitting or resisting . There is dividend of submitting.Communication cost can be divided into two types, one relates to exchanging cooperation, which includes market exchanging cost, and also includes the cost paid by negotiating alliance of different parties in democracy politics .The other relates to organizing cooperation. To manager, the exchanging cost in organization is managing organization cost mainly, including founding cost and maintaining cost of organization.All kinds of composition, for example, net exchanging cost (it is equal to exchanging cost minus exchanging return) minus net managing organization cost(it is equal to organization cost minus managing dividend) ,and net resisting cost (it is equal to resisting cost minus resisting dividend ) minus net submitting cost(it is equal to submitting cost minus submitting dividend or submitting opportunity return), determinate whether people will choose cooperation attitude or non-cooperation attitude, and then will choose which kind of cooperation ,equality negotiation or organization.