德润四海——董仲舒“大一统”思想与汉武帝“西南夷”经略

汉武帝时期,经学思想与政治由各自发展而汇入同一时代脉搏.作为这一时期的"儒者宗",董仲舒努力改造儒学,使之成为实用于社会和国家的意识形态,其"大一统"学说适应了汉武帝"德润四海"的需求,从而完成了儒学由上到下的过渡.但是由于汉匈战争,董仲舒的思想对匈奴并没有机会施展.由于有唐蒙凿路和张骞考察所奠定的基础,汉武帝决心对西南夷进行开拓与经营.因西南夷地理位置特殊,且在"四夷"中军事实力最弱,不会对中原王朝构成威胁.当汉王朝把军队集中于北部边郡,便不可能对西南夷采取像对匈奴一样的武力攻伐.对西南夷的经略实为汉王朝推广董仲舒"大一统"的思想提供了空间.这一儒学思想的实施集中体现在西南夷的开拓道路、置吏及移民方面.汉朝经略西南夷成为董仲舒思想在对待夷夏问题上的第一次成功实践.西南夷的开拓奠定了儒学的正宗地位.董仲舒"大一统"思想成为此后各代王朝的主导思想,对当今加强民族团结、发展民族经济与文化具有重要的借鉴意义.

Morality embellishing the surrounding territory:Dong Zhongshu's thought of"great unification"and Emperor Wudi's theory of"southwest Yi"

During the reign of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, Confucianism and politics developed independently and merged into the pulse of the same era. As the "Confucianist school" in this period, Dong Zhongshu made great efforts to transform Confucianism and make it a practical ideology for the society and the state. His theory of "great unification" met the need of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty to "run the world with virtue", thus completing the transition of Confucianism from top to bottom. However, due to the Han-Xiongnu War, Dong Zhongshu had no chance to put his ideas to good use in Xiongnu. Because of the foundation laid by Tang Meng road-cutting and Zhang Qian''s investigation, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty was determined to develop and manage the southwest Yi. Due to the special geographical position, the military strength of the southwest Yi was the weakest among the "Four Yi", and it would not pose a threat to the central plains dynasty. When the Han Dynasty concentrated its troops in the northern border counties, it was impossible to attack the southwest Yi as Xiongnu did. It provided space for the Han Dynasty to popularize Dong Zhongshu''s idea of "great unification". The implementation of this Confucian thought is mainly embodied in the development of the road, the placement of officials and immigration. The first successful practice of Dong Zhongshu''s thought in dealing with the problem of Yi-Xia was to manage the southwest Yi. The development of the Yi people in the southwest established the authentic status of Confucianism. Dong Zhongshu''s thought of "great unification" became the dominant thought of the following dynasties, which has important reference for handling of ethnic relations, strengthening national unity, and developing national economy and culture.