刑法中兜底条款的解释规则

当前对兜底条款的主要解释方法为同类解释规则,但该规则在学术理解和司法适用过程中出现了误区和困境.该解释方法不能概括兜底条款的全部适用范围,还存在任意解释的缺陷,不能准确划定兜底条款的解释范围.造成这种结果的原因,一方面,来源于同类解释规则本身的标准尚未统一;另一方面,滥觞于规范保护目的对兜底条款的指导功能被遗漏忽视.立法活动总是围绕规范保护目的进行,例示条文与兜底条款作为法律文义表达的部分内容,均受具体条文的规范保护目的制约,发挥规范保护目的对兜底条款解释的指导作用有助于限定行为入罪范围.此外,相较于模糊、抽象的兜底条款,例示条文具有明确行为类型的作用.因此,就同类解释规则的标准而言,应采用行为类型标准说,更有利于行为刑事违法性的判定,以避免规范保护目的成为兜底条款的唯一解释依据,从而产生将实质违法性作为唯一入罪理由的风险.重视规范保护目的及例示条文对兜底条款解释的双重制约,有助于实现法安定性与灵活性的协调.

On the interpretation rules of miscellaneous provisions in criminal law

Ejusdem generis as the main interpretation method of miscellaneous provisions, shows misunderstandings and dilemmas in the process of academic understanding and judicial application. It cannot accurately determine the full application scope of miscellaneous provisions, and has the defects of arbitrary interpretation and cannot accurately define the scope of interpretation of miscellaneous provisions. The reason for this result, on the one hand, stems from the standard of ejusdem generis; on the other hand, stems from the neglecting of guiding function of the purposes of norm protection. Legislation activities are always carried out around the purpose of norm protection. Miscellaneous provisions and illustrative methods as part of the legal texts are all subject to the purposes of norm protection, and the guiding role of the purposes of norm protection in explaining miscellaneous provisions helps to determine the scope of conviction. In addition, compared with the vague and abstract miscellaneous provisions, illustrative methods have the effect of defining the type of behavior. Ejusdem generis based on the type of behavior is more conducive to the determination of the criminal illegality of behavior, to avoid the purposes of norm protection becoming the only interpretation basis of miscellaneous provisions, thus creating the risk of taking substantive illegality as the only reason for criminalization. Emphasizing the double standards of purposes of norm protection and illustrative methods help to achieve the coordination of law''s stability and flexibility.