曹魏西晋的皇帝诏令与行政运作

曹魏至西晋,拟诏机关为中书省。当时三省的机构职能尚未完全确定,拟诏机关及人员不绝对是中书省及其属官。诏令的形成过程,可以分为自上而下和自下而上两种。在具体运作中,很多诏令直接指明了执行机构或具体执行者。为了正确贯彻自己的意图,皇帝还会在前诏的基础上发出新诏,对如何执行做出明确而详细的指示。在诏令的发布和执行过程中,会有多次的反馈和调整：反馈包括预前反馈和同期反馈;调整既有对诏令本身问题的调整,也有对执行不力、违背诏令精神行为的调整。曹魏西晋皇帝诏令的形成和执行过程说明当时的行政运作已经达到了较高的水平。

The Imperial Orders and the Administrative Operation in the Wei and the Western Jin Dynasty

Since Wei and the Western Jin dynasty, the executive secretariat was in charge of making im-perial orders. But the functions of the three institutions were not yet confirmed, the staff who made imperial or-ders were not absolutely part of the executive secretariat. There were two kinds of imperial orders,“from top to bottom” and the “from bottom to top”. In the operation of the orders, some of the orders appointed directly the execution agencies and the executor. There may be another new order after the former one to direct its operation or some adjustments during the execution in order to make known his intentions. In the publication and execu-tion, there would be many reflections and adjustments. Reflection contained preliminary feedback and concur-rent feedback. And the adjustments contained adjustments to the order itself and poor implementation and be-havior against imperial spirits. The imperial orders in Wei and the Western Jin dynasty indicated that the ad-ministration had reached a high level.