Robert Merton's Contributions to the Sociology of Deviance |
| |
| Authors: | Richard Rosenfeld |
| |
| Institution: | Richard Rosenfeld is assistant professor of administration of justice at University of Missouri-St.Louis. His research areas are crime and deviance, social inequality, and mass media. He is currently engaged in research on the determinants of change in national crime rates in the United States and on the social sources of homicide in different types of societies. He is also studying the depiction of generational conflict in contemporary film. His recent publications include studies of the medicalization of learning problems and the structural and cultural sources of variation in urban crime rates. |
| |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the theoretical and policy significance of one of Robert Merton's most influential contributions to modern sociology, the anomie or "strain" theory of deviant behavior. The enduring theoretical significance of strain theory lies in its sociological completeness. Strain theory preserves the interconnection between culture and social structure which is neglected or defined away by cultural and control theories of deviance. In its emphasis on socially structured contradictions in the relations of consumption, strain theory is also broadly consistent with and complements more conflict-oriented theories of crime and deviance. A major weakness of Merton's argument is its failure to clearly distinguish the etiological significance of the distribution of opportunities (mobility) and the distribution of outcomes (equality), which has led to misinterpretations of the policy implications of strain theory. Ironically, these problems are revealed through a kind of self-criticism that applies the basic tools of Mertonian functional analysis to strain theory. The paper concludes that, ambiguities notwithstanding, for purposes of theoretical integration and substantive insight, strain theory remains an important sociological perspective on deviance, especially when set in the context of Merton's broader sociological legacy. |
| |
| Keywords: | |
|
|
