马克思人学四辩

在对人的本质的理解上,马克思主义以前的哲学学家们要么对人诉诸一种纯客体的直观方面理解,片面地强调人的客观性而否定人的主体性,要么对人的本质诉诸一种纯主体的理解,片面夸大了人的主观性方面,当马克思实践唯物主义对人诉诸实践的理解时,就既不是单纯客观性的理解,也不是单纯主观性的理解,而是一种主观与客观相统一的理解。在对人的本质与人的存在的关系问题上,马克思主义以前的哲学家们大都是从人的本质先于人的存在的观点出发,而存在主义哲学家们则强调人的存在先于人的本质,但从辩证思维的方面去把握人的存在与人的本质时,应赋予人的存在与人的本质的一种辩证统一的理解。在对人性、人的本质的抽象与具体的关系问题上,马克思主义以前的思想家们大都强调抽象的、一般的人性与本质,而时下的人们大都否认人性与人的本质的具体的、历史的方面,其实,马克思人学理论中的人性与人的本质应是抽象与具体的统一。在对人性与人的本质的变与不变的关系上,人性与人的本质既有不变的一面,也有发展变化的一面,是变与不变的统一。

Four Discriminate of Marx Human Philosophy

The first issue the author wants to clarify here is that from the view of Marxist practical materialism, human essence should be seen as the dialectical union of objectivity and subjectivity, which is different from the view of the philosophers before Marx, who considered human essence as pure objectivity or pure subjectivity. The second issue to be clarified is the relationship between human nature and human existence. Most philosophers before Marx deemed that human essence is before than human existence, however, existential philosophers emphasized human existence is before human essence. A new viewpoint that human nature and human existence should be dialectically united is expressed in this paper. The third issue to be clarified is the abstract aspect and the concrete aspect of human nature and essence. Most philosophers before Marx attached much importance to the abstract aspect which scholars today deny. However, these two aspects are both embodied in Marxist human thoughts, as a result, human nature as well as human essence is the union of the abstract aspect and concrete aspect. The last to be clarified is whether human essence changes. The paper deems that human essence not only changes but also can keep steady. In a word, human essence is the union of commonness and individuality.