论近代早期英国庇护制的变化和构成

庇护制是中世纪和近代早期欧洲国家非正式的和非国家性的制度,主要是以个人恩赐为手段来维持政府的运行。英国的庇护制在中世纪时期以附庸制的形式出现,但是都铎和早期斯图亚特王朝时期,正式确立了以个人为中心的庇护制。在这一时期,构成了以君主为中心、从中央到地方的个人庇护网络,涉及到各个层面的贵族和官员乃至中下层群体。庇护人、被庇护人和经纪人是庇护制中的主要构成群体。阐述清楚近代早期英国庇护制的问题对于我们了解近代转型时期英国社会政治生活的特点有着重要的意义。

Change and Formation of Contemporary British Patron System

Patron system was not a formal and national system in the Middle Ages and contemporary European countries.Government operation was carried out mainly by the means of personal bestowments.The British patron system made its first appearance in the Middle Ages as its dependency.However,in the Tudor dynasty and Stuart dynasty,the individual-centered patron system was formally set up.During these periods,an individual patron network was formed,with the king as its center,from the central government to the local government,including noblemen and officials at different levels.The main groups in this system consisted of patronizers and patronizees as well as brokers.Illustrating the contemporary patron system is of great significance for us to get a clear idea of the political characteristics of u.k in its transitional period.