“成本—收益”视角下公共参与的影响因素分析

公共参与对于社会治理绩效的提升具有重要的意义。行动者是否选择参与及其参与动力的高低,取决于行动者对参与成本与参与收益的解读、计算和比较。参与成本包括物质成本、机会成本、交易成本、负面的心理体验、他人不参与而被转移的成本、参与中所承受的参与风险以及“不参与成本”和退出参与的成本。参与收益包括物质上的收益、公共产品的再生产以及对参与过程本身的积极体验。公共参与的影响因素有参与补偿、参与认知与参与效能感、搭便车、选择性激励、共同体社会资本以及参与的制度化和组织化。对公共参与的分析,需要将“成本—收益” 的分析框架和公共参与的影响因素结合起来。

The influence factors of public participation in the"Cost Benefit" perspective

Public participation is of great significance for improving the performance of social governance. Whether the actors choose to participate in public affairs and how they are motivated depend on how actors understand, judge and calculate the cost and benefits of public participation. The costs of public participation consist of those of material, opportunity, transaction, negative psychological experience, transferred cost due to others' not choosing participation, risks in participation as well as not choosing participation and quitting participation. The benefits involve those of material, reproduction of public products and the positive experience of participation as well. And the influence factors include remedy, acknowledgement, efficiency, free riding, selective motivation, community social capital, and the institutionalization and organization of public participation. If we want to analyze public participation, the framework of "cost benefit" ought to be combined with the factors affecting public participation.