浅谈明代藩王宗法制的发展

明朝藩王宗法分封制受宗支繁衍和政治波动的影响而不断发展，其节点在于成化朝。成化以前，从国家就藩到郡王分封，宗支发展有序平稳，是祖制远见之处。大约至太祖第五世孙袭封时，宗支发展过剩，超出了祖制的预期值。宪宗出于人情考虑，特许郡王兄终弟及，各王府不断援以前例，使冒袭成了弘治、正德、嘉靖三朝反复斟酌的议题之一。以兄终弟及为主要内容的郡王冒袭借助于嘉靖时的政治波动而兴起，而晋升后的亲王却无法再以宗子还本支。宗法制的发展线路实际反映了明朝国家体制的线性衰败，体现了君主在监管层面上自我破坏制度，也是宗室政治化和管理形式化的具体反映。

The Development of Patriarchal Enfeoffment System in Ming DynastyWANG Hao-miao

The patriarchal enfeoffment system of the vassal kings of the Ming Dynasty developed continuously under the influence of the reproduction of the patriarchal branches and political fluctuations. The nodal point lies in the Chenghua Reign of Ming Dynasty. Before Chenghua period, the patriarchal clan developed orderly and steadily such as the country dividing into vassal states and the enfeoffment of the princes. It showed the foresight of the ancestors. About to the fifth generation of Taizu, the patriarchal branches was excessive, which exceeded the expected number of the ancestor. Out of his kindness, Xianzong chartered the system of the younger brother inheriting the title of the older brother. The royal states began to cite the previous examples, making the succession of the titles in violation of the system the frequent topics of Hongzhi, Zhengde and Jiajing reigns. The succession of the titles in violation of the system rose with the political fluctuations in Jiajing reign, but the promoted prince could no longer return back to the stem. The development of the patriarchal system actually reflects the linear decline of the state system of the Ming Dynasty, reflecting the self-destruction of the system by the monarch in supervision. It is also a reflection of the politicization of the patriarchal clan and the formalization of management.