蒙古时期的国家制度变迁考

公元1206年成吉思汗统一蒙古各部建立了大蒙古国,颁行蒙古民族第一部成文法典《大札撒》,确立各项国家制度,使蒙古社会进入更加有序治理时代。但是,1227年成吉思汗去世之后,由于汗位继承矛盾和远征等问题,导致大蒙古国各项制度发生变迁,从国家制度到具体社会管理制度、驿站制度、军事制度、赋税制度等都发生一定的变化,或被停滞,或得到进一步完善,或被新的制度所代替。其中,不容忽视的是,在成吉思汗之后大蒙古国各时期国家制度的设置和调整中,不仅有游牧传统治理的因素,也有适应农耕社会的因素,还有针对中亚民族的政策,显然,大蒙古国时期蒙古人的国家治理政策注重制度治理,尤其是"因地制宜"。

On the Changes of State System in the Period of Great Mongol Empire

In 1206,Chinggis Khan unified all the peoples of Mongolia,established the Great Mongol Empire,promulgated the first written code of the Mongolian nation,Grand Jasag,established various national systems,and led the Mongolian society enter a more orderly governance era.However,after Chinggis Khan’s death in 1227,due to the contradiction over Khan’s succession and outward expeditions,some changes took places in the governing system of Great Mongol Empire,ranging from national system to specific social management system,postal system,military system,tax system,etc.,of which some were stagnated,some further improved while some were replaced by new system.Among all of them,what can’t be ignored is that in the setting up and adjustment of the national system of the Empire after Chinggis Khan,there were not only the factors of traditional nomadic governance,but also the factors of adapting to the farming society,as well as the policies aimed at the Central Asian nations.Obviously,the national governance policies of the Mongolians in the period focused on institutional governance,especially"adapting to local conditions".