《理想国》"正义"观念和《论语》"仁人"思想之比较

柏拉图在《理想国》中提出了“正义”观念，提倡对人行为的理性制约；孔子在《论语》中提出了“仁人”思想，提倡道德的内化作用。“正义”就是守法践约，自己主宰自己，自身内秩序井然，自己灵魂里的各个部分相互干涉并接受理性的统治；“仁人”是从亲缘关系扩展到人与人之间的关系，以合理的秩序（礼）来维系人际间的关系，从而立人道之极，实现理想的完美人格。柏拉图认为天下大乱的根本原因在于人们并不能真正了解知识的内涵，孔子认为出现礼崩乐坏的原因在于人们缺乏宽厚仁爱之心。因此，柏拉图提出了“正义”观念，重建标准来衡量一切是非曲直，并提倡哲学王治国；孔子提出“仁人”的标准来教诲人的思想行为，力图发挥道德的作用来挽救世道人心，并提倡圣人教化天下。

A Comparative Study on Justice in the Republic and Goodness in the Analects

Plato proposed, in the Republic, the idea of Justice, advocating rational control of people＇s behaviours; Confucius put forward the idea of Goodness in the Analects, emphasizing the internalizing effect of moral values. Justice requires people to abide by laws and keep promises, to discipline oneself to acquire an inner order, and let reason command the inter- balancing parts in one＇s soul; while Goodness is the family ethics extended to interpersonal relations, it maintains the human bond by way of an appropriate order （or rites） so as to achieve the perfect humanity and personality. Plato thought that the chaos of the world is due to people＇s inability to see the true nature of knowledge; while Confucius saied the disorder of society is because of the lack of a caring heart among people. Therefore, Plato, proposed the idea of Justice to reconstruct the standard to measure all the rights and wrongs, and advocated the management of countries by philosophers; Confucius put forward Goodness to teach people principles of behaviour, with an aim to get salvation through moral values, supporting the enlightenment of the world by saints.