论古典园林艺术在东晋的新变

东晋是古典园林发展史上的新变期,表现为:在形制上出现了由"巨丽"到"精巧",由"营国之制"到"翳然林水"的变化。这些变化表明,东晋时期不仅园林布局已经开始有意识地根据不同地形进行设置,而且在园林设计的过程中,还将园主"乐情"的生活取向融入居住环境,园林的审美价值逐渐从实用价值中解放出来,获得独立;在功能上则加强了寄情山水、赋诗作文,放松心志、体认生命的士人情趣。这说明随着园林形制在东晋时期的日益精巧化、雅化,园林中的文化因子不断地得到了增加。这时的园主更加注重园林在寄情山水、放松心志和体认生命等精神层面的功能;在审美观念上发生了由"炫富"到"隐逸"、由"比德"到"畅情"、由"崇俗"到"尚雅"的嬗变。说明当时的园林不再是园主们物质上的需要,也不再是他们家藏的外漏,而是真正成了他们精神上的家园,成为他们心灵上的栖息之地。这时的他们在属于自己的精神家园之中,怀着一颗平静之心,恬然怡然、欣然悠然,冥视六合,真正实现了园与人、身与神的合一;这些变化都表明园林审美功能在东晋上升到了首位,并呈现出个性化、士人化的审美倾向。

New Tendency of Classical Chinese Gardening in the Eastern Jin Dynasty

The Eastern Jin Dynasty is a new period in the history of the classical Chinese gardening development,which is reflected in the changes from magnificent to exquisite and from palace?centered to focusing on nature landscape.These changes show that people in the Eastern Jin Dynasty knew well about gardening based on the terrain.They began to integrate their interests into the landscape when designing gardens.In doing so,the aesthetic value of the gardens was gradually separated from the practical value.In terms of function,it stressed temperaments and interests of literati such as their passion for sceneries,their poems and articles,and their life perceptions,etc.It can be seen that with the changes of gardening,importance was gradually attached to cultural factors and spiritual functions.Aesthetically,seclusion,indulgence in natural landscape and elegance took the place of wealth?flaunting,moral?analogizing and vulgarity?adoring.The gardens satisfied more spiritual needs than the material needs of the owners.It was not taken as the demonstration of wealth,but rather the spiritual home of literati.Gardens helped them keep peaceful mind and realize the"unity of man and nature".All these changes indicated that in the Eastern Jin Dynasty,the aesthetic functions of the classical gardens were valued with the personalized aesthetic tendency favored by literati.