10世纪日本庄园的转变

日本庄园自8世纪起,经过约二百年的发展,到了10世纪发生了广泛而深刻的变革:庄园化程度进一步加深;越来越多的庄园实现了不输不入化,庄园领主获得了对庄园土地及土地上的人的一元化支配权;也是在此时期,庄园的经营方式由原来的雇佣经营为主,经由"散田请作体制"发展成为"名田"经营.所有这些变革都显示了与初期庄园明显不同的特征,表明了体制完备的领主制庄园已经形成,并且成为10世纪以后日本庄园的主要形态.

Changes on the Manors of Japan in the Tenth Century

The manors of Japan have changed a lot from the 8th century to the 10th century. During the two hundred years, they showed some new features as the following: many lands turned into manors; more and more manors obtained a privilege ? no taxing and no entering; the owners of manors established a single domination to the lands and the men on them; the management became "the named land management" instead of the old "management of employment". All the above changes are very different from the manors in the first stage, which indicates that "the feudal lord manors" has formed, and it has became the main form of the manors in Japan since the 10th century.