两汉儒家天命思想哲学意义上的阐释

在先秦儒学中,天命思想取得了长足的发展。汉代,这一思想有一个很大的提升,有了个人意义上的天命不可知论和王朝意义上的天命可知论。王朝之命的认识不同于对个人之命的认识。一种是有意的计划,一种是下意识的结果。但不管何种倾向都已经不是道德伦理的问题,而是属于形而上的范畴。这些天命观对汉代学术思想界产生了巨大的影响。汉代儒家两层面的天命观的传统发展至魏晋时期,魏晋士人在王朝层面上失去了对道德主义天命观的信心,转向道家的个人意义上的天命观。这一转变的开始,是由王充、王符公然鄙视儒家道德治国的权威性为标志的。

Philosophical Interpretation of the Confucian Thinking of Destined Fate in Han Dynasties

In pre-Qin Confucianism,the thinking of destined fate gained much development.In Han Dynasty,this thinking was further upgraded,which included the agnosticism of personal fate and knowable destiny for dynasties.The two were different,and one was intended planning,while the other subconscious result.Anyway,they did not belong to moral or ethical issues,but to metaphysical category.Those thinking exercised great influence on the academic circles of Han Dynasty.When the two-level thinking developed to Wei and Jin dynasties,people lost confidence about the moralistic thinking of destined fate,but turned to Taoist thinking of personal fate.The turning was marked by Wang Chong and Wang Fugong in neglecting the Confucian authority.