春秋时期鲁国与列国的盟誓及其特征

春秋时期鲁国与列国的盟誓有不同的特征。一方面表现为多层次性，鲁国不仅与周王室以及当时的霸国有结盟关系，而且与中小国家也有结盟关系。另一方面表现为阶段性。春秋初期鲁国对外结盟的目的在于参与集团之间的争夺，春秋中期在于追随当时的霸主结盟活动，春秋后期又与新兴的霸主结盟。此外，鲁国对外的盟誓还呈现出灵活性特征。鲁国或与平等国家结成盟誓，或追随霸主参与盟誓，或在不同时机要么选择旧霸主要么选择新兴霸主参与盟誓，春秋晚期鲁国内部还出现了卿大夫之间相互盟誓的现象。

Pledge between Lu and Other States and Its Characteristics in the Spring and Autumn Period

The pledge between Lu and other states in the Spring and Autumn period has different characteristics. On the one hand it has multi-levels, which means that Lu made pledge not only with Zhou and hegemons but also with the middle-and-small-sized states. On the other hand, the pledge between Lu and other states has experienced different stages. In the primary stage, the purpose of the pledge was to participate in the contest between groups, in the middle period to follow the pledging activities between hegomons, and in the late period to pledge with the burgeoning hegemons. In addition, the pledge Lu made with other states is flexible. Lu either made pledge with equal states or followed other hegemons, or chose old hegemons or burgeoning hegemons according to the chances. In the late Spring and Autumn period the pledge was also made between Lu feudal nobles.