国企改制过程中的国家与工人阶级：结构变迁及其文献述评

在国企改制过程中，国家与工人阶级关系发生了三个方面的变化：首先，国家通过统合主义的方式逐渐退出了对社会的直接控制，从准全能主义过渡到了碎片化的威权主义；其次，工人阶级脱离了“完全性组织制度”，从受国家和单位庇护的领导阶级转变为市场化的劳动者；第三，国家与工人阶级关系运转的轴心发生了变革，从单位组织的主导转变为资本的逻辑。由此形成的国家-资本-工人阶级结构最大的问题是资本对劳动的严重剥夺。对此，一方面需要在国有企业生产方式资本化的过程中加强法制建设，保护工人的一般公民权，另一方面要在国有企业全面退出社会责任的过程中加强集体化的组织建设，争取工人的工业公民权。

The State and the Working Class during the Industrial Restructuring of the State Owned Enterprises in China: Structural Changes and Literature Review

The relationship between the state and the working class has undergone three changes during the industrial restructuring of the state owned enterprises(SOEs). First, the state is giving up its direct control over society with corporatism, transiting from being quasi totalitarian to fragmented authoritarian. Second, the working class, while breaking away from “the total institution”, is losing its status as the leading class protected by both the state and danwei (work unit). Third, the axis direction of the relationship between the state and the working class is shifting from being the primary factor in danwei to a logic based on capital. These three changes have been taking place in two processes: the pushing process of the SOEs toward an overall marketization and the withdrawing process of the SOEs from social responsibilities. All that, combined with the economic development, is the most striking feature of Chinese Authoritarianism, markedly different from any other powerful country. At the same time, economic development itself serves as a basis to extend Authoritarianism with legitimacy. The authoritarianism in China is currently in a fragmented state. The state capital working class structure formed in such a context has a big problem of labor being severely exploited by capital. What we need to do is step up the legal system construction in the course of the capitalization of the SOEs, protect workers’ rights as citizens by strengthening organizational construction to fight for their industrial citizenship when SOEs are retreating completely from the social responsibility. At present when the state and capital are in coalition, the function of the legal system in protecting workers’ rights and helping workers forming their organizations for their rights is usually limited in many areas. The extent to which workers’ general rights as citizens can be protected and how much of their industrial citizenship rights can be obtained depend on the stance of the state. Only when the state maintains some distance from the working mass as well as from capital can workers’ rights be protected.