分权制衡的中世纪试验——以威尼斯城邦宪政结构为视角

分权制衡机制被学界公认为宪政国家的基本构件之一。威尼斯是中世纪城市共和宪政的代表，其政府由大议事会、元老院、谘议团、总督、执政团、四十人委员会以及十人委员会组成，呈多元块状分立结构。各个机构分别享有不同职权，相互制约与平衡。共和宪政制度使贵族和平民阶层得以共享国家统治权，避免了个人专制的发生，不仅给威尼斯带来了数百年的政治稳定和经济繁荣，也预示着西方宪政历程由“阶级分立与制衡”向“职权分立与制衡”过渡的基本趋势。

Analysis of the Dividing, Restricting and Balancing Institution in Middle Age On the Visual Angle of Venice Republic Constitution Government

Separation and equal balance of political power can be considered as a typical representative of constitutional institution nowadays. But, in the Middle Age, Venice Republic set its government as such as was composed by Great Council, Senate, Collegio, Doge, Signoria, Council of Forty and Council of Ten. Therefore, Venice got an appearance of divided structure. Every part in the government keeps dif- ferent powers and they kept restricting and balancing with each other. So it is easy to say that constitu- tional government in Venice Republic removes itself from autocratic rule, leaving the noble class to share the politic power with common people who can play role in politic affairs. All these brought political stabil- ity and economical prosperity to Venice and constructed the ＂Myth of Venice＂, which is famous to the world. It is also a prospect on the trend of constitutional history which means that the government struc- ture of separation and equal balance between different classes will appear.