隔代照顾的生物社会学动因及影响分析

当前社会环境下,儿童照顾给工作和家庭平衡带来压力和挑战。隔代照顾成为缓解这一压力的流行方式而得到了广泛的关注,学术界产生了许多研究成果。其中,生物社会学视角在国外隔代照顾研究中有较多的应用。但是在国内采用这一视角进行的实证研究非常少。本研究以中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)2015年的数据为资料,通过生物社会学的视角并使用广义Logistic模型和广义线性模型对四类儿女双全的祖辈的隔代照顾的积极性进行分析。结果表明亲缘选择假设不能完全解释四类祖辈照顾孙辈的积极性的差异。虽然从整体上看女性祖辈比男性祖辈更积极地照顾孙辈,但是父系女性祖辈照顾孙辈的积极性并没有像亲缘选择假设所推断的那样显著低于母系女性祖辈。同时,分城乡的回归结果表明城镇地区四类祖辈的积极性没有显著差异,而在乡村地区父系女性祖辈的照顾强度显著高于其他三类祖辈。因此,亲缘选择理论可以解释照顾者性别差异的部分原因,而无法阐明父系和母系的宗族差异。此外,照顾者的工作状态、婚姻状态、受教育水平、子女的经济支持、子女的数量和子女的年龄都是影响隔代照顾积极性的显著因素。需要注意的是虽然生物社会学理论有其独特的价值,但是将它用于社会研究也有明显的局限性。因此,这一理论仍然有许多亟待探索和完善的空间。

The Analysis of Bio-sociological Motivation of Grandchild Care and the Influence

Currently,the pressure of child care had brought challenge to work-family balance.Grandparen⁃tal care had become a popular way to alleviate this pressure,thus it had gained widespread concern and had formed sufficient research.The bio-sociology theory had been applied frequently abroad in the studies of grandchild care.However,the empirical research adopting the bio-social approach was greatly inadequate in China.Therefore,this study analyzed the willingness of grandchild care of the four types of grandparents who had both son(s)and daughter(s)through the perspective of bio-sociology.The study was based on the data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS)in 2015,and utilized the Gener⁃alized Logistic Model and the Generalized Linear Model as the statistical tools.The results indicated that the kinship selection hypothesis cannot fully explain the differences of the willingness of grandparents look⁃ing after their grandchildren.Overall,although the female grandparents were more willing to look after their grandchildren than the male grandparents.Nevertheless,the level of caring willingness of paternal grand⁃mothers was not lower than that of maternal grandmothers as the hypothesis of kinship selection inferred.Si⁃multaneously,the regression results of the urban and the rural areas showed that the willingness of grand⁃child care of the four types of grandparents in the urban area had no significant difference,nonetheless,the caring intensity of paternal grandmothers in the rural area was significantly higher than the other three types of grandparents.As a result,the theory of kinship selection could partially explain the gender differ⁃ence of grandparental caregivers,but could not interpret the difference between the paternal and the mater⁃nal clans.In addition,the working status,the marriage status,the level of education,the financial support of the children,the number of the children and the age of the children were all significant factors influencing the willingness of grandchild care.It should be noted that though the bio-sociology theory had its unique value,the limitation of this approach was also obvious when applied in social research.Hence,the theory still had much space for exploration and improvement.