从维护观念市场的多元性看美国的广电规制

在美国,大众媒介受益于对表达自由的严格保护,政府对它们的规制往往会引发争议、招致批评。但是,美国的广播电视因自身的媒介特性和公共利益需要而受到来自政府的诸多规制。维护观念市场的多元性便是美国政府在规制广播电视时所追求的一项重要公共利益。为了维护这种观念市场的多元性,美国政府一方面对广播电视的节目内容进行规制,另一方面对广播电视的所有权进行规制。与节目内容规制相比,媒体所有权方面的放松规制对观念市场多元性的威胁更大,这是因为在追求经济目标的过程中,媒体所有权集中对于一个社会的政治、文化多元性的威胁往往被忽视。

A Study on the Broadcasting Regulation in the USA Based on the Theory of "Marketplace of Ideas"

The mass media benefit from the strong protection of the freedom of expression in the USA.Thus,most regulations imposed on the mass media by the government tend to be criticized.However,because of its peculiar media properties and public interests,the broadcasting is frequently regulated by the government in the USA.These regulations aim to preserve the diversity of the marketplace of ideas,which is viewed as a prominent public interest.To achieve this aim,the USA government imposes regulation both on the content of the broadcasting and the ownership of the broadcasting system.While the government takes into account the diversity of the marketplace of ideas more often,the government’s de-regulation on the ownership is criticized for its potential threats to the diversity.