涵泳性灵：袁黄八股文批评之主体论

袁黄是晚明著名的八股文批评家，其《游艺塾文规》系统地论述了八股文创作与鉴赏问题。他认为，八股文虽然恪遵传注、代圣贤立言，非常讲究形式技巧，但是品质上佳的八股文也是发自性灵之作。要达到才情与规矩平衡、人力与天趣融合的境界，创作主体必须“治心”、“养气”。通过凝神静坐达到息心聚念、虚空澄澈之境，文章自然不炼而工。“治心”而后“养气”，文章方气脉贯通、雅正阔大，文以气胜。同时，“言为心声”与“文如其人”相反相成，文之“神”乃作者日常涵养之“气”所汇聚，由文之“神”可察人之“气”，从文章气脉格局也可以看出创作主体之心志气神。

Crystallizing the Natural Inspiration: on Yuan Huang's Criticism on Subjectivity of Bagu Wen

Yuan Huang is a key figure in Bagu Wen （Eight-part Essay） .criticism in late Ming Dynasty. His book Youyishu Wengui （A Handbook for Essays in Youyi Academy） is a systematic exposition on the writing and appreciation of Bagu wen In his view, though Bagu Wen essays in general focus on quotation and interpretation of ancient sages and on the formal skills, top-quality Bagu Wen essays should be works originated for natural inspiration. To create a textual realm with balanced genius and literature rules, integrated artificial and natural arts, the writer, i.e. the subject of writing, should crystallize his heart and culture his qi. Through quiet sitting he crystallizes his heart to embracing void, by which he will naturally create fine works. Then he cultures his qi, making the essay in logical connection, elegant rhetoric and grand style. In addition, ＂utterance as expression of the heart＂ and ＂words as reflection of the person＂ are two mutually supporting principles. Essence of essay is crystallization of the qi which the writer cultures in his life, so, from the essay one can learn the person.