诸葛亮北伐目的新论——以多重战略目的及其实现程度为中心

在"隆中对"中,诸葛亮已经提出刘备跨有荆益后北伐的目的是"成霸业"、"兴汉室"。后来法正建议刘备北伐汉中时提到了包括"尊奖王室"、"蚕食雍、凉"在内的三重目的,这对诸葛亮应会有影响。诸葛亮秉政期间北伐的目的应有三大层次:兴复汉室、推进统一为第一层次;扩大占领区、联络氐羌、搜罗人才、疲敝魏国等为第二层次;以弱示强、以攻为守、凝聚内部等为第三层次。就北伐的成效看,第一层次的目的远未实现,第二层次的目的或多或少有所实现,第三层次的目的大致实现。诸葛亮的北伐就目的来说,与孙权的北伐有明显区别;就后果而言,与姜维的北伐也有重要差异。

A New Discussion on the Northern Expeditions of Zhuge Liang

In Longzhong strategic discussions,Zhuge Liang suggested the objectives of the northern expedition of Liu Bei would be "the rise of the hegemony" and "the renaissance of the Han dynasty" after he occupied Jingzhou and Yizhou.Later,when he suggested that Liu Bei should launch the northern expedition to Hanzhong,Fa Zheng mentioned the triple objectives of the expedition, "respecting the emperor" and "encroaching on Yongzhou and Liangzhou" included,which might have influenced Zhuge Liang.When he monopolized the power of the Shu Kingdom,the objectives of the northern expeditions of Zhuge Liang could be divided into three classes: the renaissance of the Han Dynasty and promoting the unification of China;expanding the occupied areas,establishing contact with Di and Qiang,scouting for talents,and exhausting the Wei Kingdom;defending by attacking and increasing internal cohesion. As to the results of the northern expeditions,the first class objectives were far from being achieved,the second class objectives were partly achieved,and the third class objectives basically achieved.The objectives of Zhuge Liang were markedly different from those of Sun Quan,and the results were markedly different from those of Jiang Wei.